What! You didn’t know your country had a motto? It is sorta like a theme
but not an anthem or a fight song or a bad tattoo. Seems everyone has a motto.
Who knew?
A motto (derived from the
Latin muttum, ‘mutter’, by way of Italian motto, ‘word’, ‘sentence’) is a
maxim, a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention
of an individual, family, social group or organization. Mottos are usually not
expressed verbally, unlike slogans, but are expressed in writing and usually
stem from long traditions of social foundations, or also from significant
events, such as a civil war or a revolution. A motto may be in any language,
but Latin has been widely used, especially in the Western world.
My family’s coat of arms bears the motto, “Vernon Semper Floret,” Vernon being a family name and the other two
words signifying “always blooming”.
My state (or commonwealth) has a motto, “Sic Semper Tyrannis”, translates from Latin as “Thus Always to
Tyrants”. If you are a tyrant, don’t come around here.
“E pluribus unum”—Latin for “Out
of many, one”—is a phrase on the Seal of the United States, along with Annuit cÅ“ptis (Latin for “He/she/it
approves (has approved) of the undertakings”) and Novus ordo seclorum (Latin for “New Order of the Ages”), and
adopted by an Act of Congress in 1782. Never codified by law, E Pluribus Unum
was considered a de facto motto of the United States until 1956 when the United
States Congress passed an act (H. J. Resolution 396), adopting “IN GOD WE TRUST”
as the official motto.
“IN GOD WE TRUST” first appeared on U.S. coins in 1864 (but not as a
national motto) and has appeared on paper currency since 1957. A law passed in
a Joint Resolution by the 84th Congress and approved by President Dwight
Eisenhower on July 30, 1956 declared “IN GOD WE TRUST” the national motto of
the United States.
A phrase similar to “IN GOD WE TRUST” appears in the final stanza of “The
Star-Spangled Banner”. Written in 1814 by Francis Scott Key (and later adopted
as the U.S. national anthem on March 3, 1931 by U.S. President Herbert Hoover),
the song contains an early reference to a variation of the phrase: “And this be
our motto: ‘IN GOD WE TRUST.’”
The change from “E Pluribus Unum” to “IN GOD WE TRUST” was generally
considered uncontroversial at the time, given the rising influence of organized
religion and pressures of the Cold War era in the 1950s. The 1956 law was one
of several legislative actions Congress took to differentiate the United States
from atheistic Communism. Earlier, a 1954 act added the words “under God” to
the Pledge of Allegiance. Some states also adopted mottos with religious
overtones during this time, for example Ohio's “With God, all things are
possible”.
“IN GOD WE TRUST” was adopted as the official motto of the United States
in 1956 as an alternative or replacement to the unofficial motto of “E pluribus
unum”, which was adopted when the Great Seal of the United States was created
and adopted in 1782. Secularists have expressed objections to its use, and have
sought to have the religious reference removed from the currency.
Advocates of separation of church and state have questioned the legality
of this motto, asserting that it is a violation of the United States
Constitution, prohibiting the government from passing any law respecting the
establishment of religion. Religious accommodations state that this entrenched
practice has not historically presented any constitutional difficulty, is not
coercive, and does not prefer one religious denomination over another.
“IN GOD WE TRUST” as a national motto and on U.S. currency has been the
subject of numerous unsuccessful lawsuits. The motto was first challenged in
Aronow v. United States in 1970, but the United States Court of Appeals for the
Ninth Circuit ruled: “It is quite obvious
that the national motto and the slogan on coinage and currency 'In God We
Trust' has nothing whatsoever to do with the establishment of religion. Its use
is of patriotic or ceremonial character and bears no true resemblance to a
governmental sponsorship of a religious exercise”. The decision was cited
in Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow, a 2004 case on the Pledge of
Allegiance. These acts of “ceremonial deism” are “protected from Establishment Clause scrutiny chiefly because they have
lost through rote repetition any significant religious content.” In Zorach
v. Clauson (1952), the Supreme Court also held that the nation’s “institutions presuppose a Supreme Being”
and that government recognition of God does not constitute the establishment of
a state church as the Constitution's authors intended to prohibit.
Aside from constitutional objections, President Theodore Roosevelt took
issue with using the motto on coinage, which he considered to be a sacrilege
using God’s name on money.
The constitutionality of the modern national motto has been questioned
with relationship to the separation of church and state outlined in the First
Amendment. In 1970, in Aronow v. United States, the United States Court of
Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that the motto does not violate the First
Amendment to the Constitution. The United States Supreme Court has not ruled on
the issue.
What is trust?
In the social sciences, the subtleties of trust are a subject of ongoing
research. In sociology and psychology the degree to which one party trusts
another is a measure of belief in the honesty, fairness, or benevolence of
another party. The term “confidence” is more appropriate for a belief in the
competence of the other party. Based on the most recent research, a failure in
trust may be forgiven more easily if it is interpreted as a failure of
competence rather than a lack of benevolence or honesty. In economics trust is
often conceptualized as reliability in transactions. In all cases trust is a
heuristic decision rule, allowing the human to deal with complexities that
would require unrealistic effort in rational reasoning.
Who is GOD?
In monotheism and henotheism, God is conceived as the Supreme Being and
principal object of faith. The concept of God as described by theologians
commonly includes the attributes of omniscience (infinite knowledge),
omnipotence (unlimited power), omnipresence (present everywhere), Omni
benevolence (perfect goodness), divine simplicity, and eternal and necessary
existence. In theism, God is the creator and sustainer of the universe, while
in deism; God is the creator, but not the sustainer, of the universe.
Monotheism is the belief in the existence of one God or in the oneness of God.
In pantheism, God is the universe itself. In atheism, God does not exist, while
God is deemed unknown or unknowable within the context of agnosticism. God has
also been conceived as being incorporeal (immaterial), a personal being, the
source of all moral obligation, and the “greatest conceivable existent”. Many
notable medieval philosophers and modern philosophers have developed arguments
for and against the existence of God.
There are many names for God, and different names are attached to
different cultural ideas about God's identity and attributes. In the ancient
Egyptian era of Atenism, possibly the earliest recorded monotheistic religion,
this deity was called Aten, premised
on being the one “true” Supreme Being and Creator of the Universe. In the
Hebrew Bible and Judaism, “He Who Is,” “I Am that I Am”, and the tetragrammaton
YHWH are used as names of God, while
Yahweh and Jehovah are sometimes used in Christianity as vocalizations of
YHWH. In Judaism, it is common to refer to God by the titular names Elohim or Adonai, the latter of which is believed by some scholars to descend
from the Egyptian Aten. In Islam,
the name Allah, “Al-El,” or “Al-Elah”
(“the God”) is used, while Muslims also have a multitude of titular names for
God. In Hinduism, Brahman is often considered a monistic deity. Other religions
have names for God, for instance, Baha
in the Bahá'à Faith, Waheguru in
Sikhism, and Ahura Mazda in
Zoroastrianism.
Or Egyptian gods….
Aker – A god of the earth and
the horizon, Ammit – goddess who
devoured condemned souls, Amenhotep son of Hapu – A scribe and architect in the
court of Amenhotep III, later deified for his wisdom, Am-heh – A dangerous underworld god, Amun – A creator god, patron deity of the city of Thebes, and the
preeminent deity in Egypt during the New Kingdom, Amunet – Female counterpart of Amun and a member of the Ogdoad, Anat – A war and fertility goddess,
originally from Syria, who entered Egyptian religion in the Middle Kingdom, Anhur– A god of war and hunting, Anti–
Falcon god, worshipped in Middle Egypt, who appears in myth as a ferryman for
greater gods, Anubis– god of embalming
and protector of the dead, Anuket– A
goddess of Egypt's southern frontier regions, particularly the lower cataracts
of the Nile, Apedemak– A warlike
lion god from Nubia who appears in some Egyptian-built temples in Lower Nubia, Apophis– A serpent deity who
personified malevolent chaos and was said to fight Ra in the underworld every
night, Apis– A live bull worshipped
as a god at Memphis and seen as a manifestation of Ptah, Arensnuphis – A Nubian deity who appears in Egyptian temples in
Lower Nubia in the Greco-Roman era, Ash
– A god of the Libyan Desert and oases west of Egypt, Astarte – A warrior goddess from Syria and Canaan who entered
Egyptian religion in the New Kingdom, Aten–
Sun disk deity who became the focus of the monolatrous or monotheistic, Atum– A creator god and solar deity,
first god of the Ennead, Baal– Sky
and storm god from Syria and Canaan, worshipped in Egypt during the New Kingdom,
Ba'alat Gebal– A Caananite goddess,
patroness of the city of Byblos, adopted into Egyptian religion, Babi– A baboon god characterized by
sexuality and aggression, Banebdjedet–
A ram god, patron of the city of Mendes, Ba-Pef–
A little-known underworld deity, Bast–
Goddess represented as a cat or lioness, patroness of the city of Bubastis,
linked with fertility and protection from evil, Bat– Cow goddess from early in Egyptian history, eventually
absorbed by Hathor, Bennu– A solar
and creator deity, depicted as a bird, Bes–
Apotropaic god, represented as a dwarf, particularly important in protecting
children and women in childbirth, Buchis–
A live bull god worshipped in the region around Thebes and a manifestation of
Montu, Dedun– A Nubian god, said to
provide the Egyptians with incense and other resources that came from Nubia, Geb– An earth god and member of the
Ennead, Ha– A god of the Libyan
Desert and oases west of Egypt, Hapi–
Personification of the Nile flood, Hathor–
One of the most important goddesses, linked with the sky, the sun, sexuality
and motherhood, music and dance, foreign lands and goods, and the afterlife, Hatmehit– Fish goddess worshipped at
Mendes, Hedetet– A minor scorpion
goddess, Heh– Personification of
infinity and a member of the Ogdoad, Heka–
Personification of magic, Heket–
Frog goddess said to protect women in childbirth, Heryshaf– Ram god worshipped at Herakleopolis Magna, Hesat– A maternal cow goddess, Horus– A major god, usually shown as a
falcon or as a human child, linked with the sky, the sun, kingship, protection,
and healing, Hu– Personification of
the authority of the spoken word, Iah–
A moon god, Iat– A goddess of milk
and nursing, Ihy– A child deity born
to Horus and Hathor, representing the music and joy produced by the sistrum, Imentet– An afterlife goddess closely
linked with Isis and Hathor, Imhotep–
Architect and vizier to Djoser, eventually deified as a healer god, Ishtar– The East Semitic version of
Astarte, occasionally mentioned in Egyptian texts, Isis– Wife of Osiris and mother of Horus, linked with funerary
rites, motherhood, protection, and magic, Iusaaset–
A female counterpart to Atum, Khepri–
A solar creator god, often treated as the morning form of Ra and represented by
a scarab beetle, Kherty– A
netherworld god, usually depicted as a ram, Khnum– A ram god, the patron deity of Elephantine, who was said to
control the Nile flood and give life to gods and humans, Khonsu– A moon god, son of Amun and Mut, Maahes– A lion god, son of Bastet, Maat– goddess who personified truth, justice, and order, Mafdet– A predatory goddess said to
destroy dangerous creatures, Mandulis–
A Lower Nubian solar deity who appeared in some Egyptian temples, Mehit– A lioness goddess, consort of
Anhur, Mehen– A serpent god who
protects the barque of Ra as it travels through the underworld, Mehet-Weret– A celestial cow goddess, Meretseger– A cobra goddess who oversaw
the Theban Necropolis, Meskhenet– A
goddess who presided over childbirth, Min–
A god of virility, as well as the cities of Akhmim and Qift and the Eastern
Desert beyond them, Mnevis– A live
bull god worshipped at Heliopolis as a manifestation of Ra, Montu– A god of war and the sun,
worshipped at Thebes, Mut– Consort of
Amun, worshipped at Thebes, Nebethetepet–
A female counterpart to Atum, Nefertum–
god of the lotus blossom from which the sun god rose at the beginning of time, Nehebu-Kau– A protective serpent god, Nehmetawy– A minor goddess, the consort
of Nehebu-Kau or Thoth, Neith– A
creator and hunter goddess, patron of the city of Sais in Lower Egypt, Nekhbet– A vulture goddess, the tutelary
deity of Upper Egypt, Neper– A god
of grain, Nephthys– A member of the
Ennead, the consort of Set, who mourned Osiris alongside Isis, Nu– Personification of the formless,
watery disorder from which the world emerged at creation and a member of the
Ogdoad, Nut– A sky goddess, a member
of the Ennead, Osiris– god of death
and resurrection who rules the underworld and enlivens vegetation, the sun god,
and deceased souls, Pakhet– A
lioness goddess mainly worshipped in the area around Beni Hasan, Ptah– A creator deity and god of
craftsmen, the patron god of Memphis, Qetesh–
A goddess of sexuality and sacred ecstasy from Syria and Canaan, adopted into
Egyptian religion in the New Kingdom, Ra–
the foremost Egyptian sun god, involved in creation and the afterlife, Raet-Tawy– A female counterpart to Ra, Renenutet– An agricultural goddess, Reshep– A Syrian war god adopted into
Egyptian religion in the New Kingdom, Renpet–
goddess who personified the year, Satet–
A goddess of Egypt's southern frontier regions, Seker– god of the Memphite Necropolis and of the afterlife in
general, Sekhmet– A lioness goddess,
both destructive and violent and capable of warding off disease, Serapis– A Greco-Egyptian god from the
Ptolemaic Period who fused traits of Osiris and Apis with those of several
Greek gods, Serket– A scorpion
goddess, invoked for healing and protection, Seshat– goddess of writing and record-keeping, depicted as a scribe,
Set– An ambivalent god,
characterized by violence, chaos, and strength, connected with the desert, Shai– Personification of fate, Shed– A god believed to save people
from danger and misfortune, Shesmetet–
A lioness goddess, Shezmu– A god of
wine and oil presses who also slaughters condemned souls, Shu– embodiment of wind or air, a member of the Ennead, Sia– Personification of perception, Sobek– Crocodile god, worshipped in the
Faiyum and at Kom Ombo, Sopdu– A god
of the sky and of Egypt's eastern border regions, Sopdet– Deification of the star Sirius, Ta-Bitjet– A minor scorpion goddess, Tatenen– Personification of the first mound of earth to emerge from
chaos in ancient Egyptian creation myths, Taweret–
Hippopotamus goddess, protector of women in childbirth, Tefnut– Goddess of moisture and a member of the Ennead, Thoth– A moon god, and a god of writing
and scribes, and patron deity of Hermopolis, Tutu– An apotropaic god from the Greco-Roman era, Unut– A goddess represented as a snake
or a hare, worshipped in the region of Hermopolis, Wadjet– A cobra goddess, the tutelary deity of Lower Egypt, Wadj-wer– Personification of the
Mediterranean sea or lakes of the Nile Delta, Weneg– A son of Ra who maintains cosmic order, Wepwawet– A jackal god, the patron deity of Asyut, connected with
warfare and the afterlife, Werethekau-
A goddess who protected the king, Wosret-
A minor goddess of Thebes, Yam- A
Syrian god of the sea who appears in some Egyptian texts
Or these….
Aphrodite- Goddess of love, beauty,
desire, sex and pleasure, Apollo- God
of music, arts, knowledge, healing, plague, prophecy, poetry, manly beauty,
archery, and the sun, Ares- God of
war, bloodshed, and violence, Artemis-
Virgin goddess of the hunt, wilderness, animals, young girls, childbirth,
plague, and the moon, Athena- Goddess
of intelligence, skill, peace, warfare, battle strategy, handicrafts, and
wisdom, Demeter- Goddess of grain,
agriculture and the harvest, growth and nourishment, Dionysus- God of wine, parties and festivals, madness, chaos, drunkenness,
drugs, and ecstasy, Hades/Pluto- King
of the underworld and the dead, and god of regret, Hephaestus- Crippled god of fire, metalworking, and crafts, Hera- Queen of the gods and goddess of
marriage, women, childbirth, heirs, kings, and empires, Hermes- God of boundaries, travel, communication, trade, language,
and writing, Hestia- Virgin goddess
of the hearth, home and chastity, Poseidon-
God of the sea, rivers, floods, droughts, and earthquakes, Zeus- King and father of the gods, the ruler of Mount Olympus and
the god of the sky, weather, thunder, lightning, law, order, and justice.
IN GOD WE TRUST
The separation of church and state is a
description for the distance in the relationship between organized religion and
the nation state. It may refer to creating a secular state, with or without
explicit reference to such separation, or to changing an existing relationship
of church involvement in a state (disestablishment). There may also have been
disputes between church and state. Most meetings were held in the church. As
that was the “place” governments met to discuss policy. Finally the church
needed their sanctuaries “back” for religious purposes only. Therefore, the
separation as governments built their own “town hall” meeting places.
Although the concept of separation has been
adopted in a number of countries, there are varying degrees of separation
depending on the applicable legal structures and prevalent views toward the
proper relationship between religion and politics. While a country's policy may
be to have a definite distinction in church and state, there may be an “arm's
length distance” relationship in which the two entities interact as independent
organizations. A similar but typically stricter principle of laïcité has been
applied in France and Turkey, while some socially secularized countries such as
Denmark and the United Kingdom have maintained constitutional recognition of an
official state religion. The concept parallels various other international
social and political ideas, including secularism, disestablishmentarianism,
religious liberty, and religious pluralism. Whitman (2009) observes that in
many European countries, the state has, over the centuries, taken over the
social roles of the church, leading to a generally secularized public sphere.
The degree of separation varies from total
separation mandated by a constitution, as in India and Singapore; to an
official religion with total prohibition of the practice of any other religion,
as in the Maldives.
In English, the exact term is an offshoot of
the phrase, “wall of separation between church and state”, as written in Thomas
Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptist Association in 1802. In that letter,
referencing the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, Jefferson
writes:
“Believing
with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God,
that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the
legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I
contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people
which declared that their legislature should ‘make no law respecting an
establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,’ thus
building a wall of separation between Church and State.”
Jefferson was describing to the Baptists that
the United States Bill of Rights prevents the establishment of a national
church, and in so doing they did not have to fear government interference in
their manner of worship. The Bill of Rights was one of the earliest examples in
the world of complete religious freedom (adopted in 1791, only preceded by the
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789).
So my country has a motto, like a vision and a
mission, and to remind us it is printed on every dollar in my pocket. I will
wave our stars and strips and pledge alliance to the flag ‘under God’ and sing
the Star Spangled banner and hope whatever God(s) we trust will pull us through
another day without bombs dropping on our heads or fires burning down our
forests or bridges folding under lack of maintenance or being shot watching a
movie or that value of that dollar in my pocket is still worth a dollar at the
end of the day.
And as the president says, “May God(s) bless
America”