It is a simple little cup. Here
is the history:
Artist/Maker: John Letelier
Origin/Purchase: 1787 cup:
Paris; 1810 cups: Richmond
Materials: 1787 cup: fused
silverplate with gilt interior; 1810 cups: silver with gilt interior
Dimensions: 1787 cup: H: 4.8 (1
7/8 in.), D (rim): 6.7 (2 5/8 in.); 1810 cups: H: 6.7 (2 5/8 in.), D (rim): 8.1
(3 3/16 in.)
Historical Notes: In 1806
Jefferson's friend and teacher, George Wythe, died, leaving him a bequest that
included his “silver cups.” Correspondence between the executor of Wythe’s
estate and President Jefferson reveals that there were two cups but provides no
further description. They might have had outmoded Rococo decoration. For that
or another reason, Jefferson decided to have them melted down. The Wythe cups
and two of Jefferson’s own canns (round-bellied mugs) were converted into a new
set of eight tumblers in 1810.
Tumblers, a popular form of
silver cup from the seventeenth through the eighteenth century, were a type of
low round-bottomed cup hammered from a disk of silver with a base
proportionately thicker than the sides. The heavier bottom to the cup provided
stability and helped prevent spilling. Tumblers were often used in traveling
sets, or canteens.
Jefferson contacted a
silversmith named John Letelier in 1810 to reshape his cups. The son of a
Philadelphia silversmith of the same name, John Letelier began working with his
father in that city in the 1790s. Father and son often used the same marks,
making the younger Letelier’s work and history difficult to distinguish from
the elder’s. Both Leteliers moved to Wilmington, Delaware, then to Chester
County, Pennsylvania, and back to Wilmington around 1799 where John Letelier,
Jr., began to practice dentistry in addition to silversmithing.
Jefferson’s first known contact
with John Letelier came in 1806 when he purchased an etui for himself and a
silver cann to give to Rev. Charles Clay, an Albemarle County minister who had
presided over family funerals at Monticello and who now lived near Jefferson’s
Poplar Forest in Bedford County.
Letelier appears to have been
working in Richmond at that time but probably moved to Washington or
Alexandria, and Jefferson again sought him out when he wrote to his Richmond
agent, George Jefferson, in 1808:
“Mr. Le Telier, a goldsmith, who lived a considerable time in
Washington & did a good deal of work for the President’s house, & to
great satisfaction is said to have removed to Richmond.”
Letelier agreed to do the work
for Jefferson. When confirming the order, Jefferson sent Letelier two designs
for tureens, “the upper being that
preferred,” but neither the drawings nor the tureens survive, apparently
destroyed when the President’s House was burned in 1814.
Pleased with Letelier’s work,
on March 27, 1810, Jefferson, who was now retired to Monticello, wrote to him
again: “Being just setting out on a
journey, I have directed ... a pair of Cans and a pair of Beakers to be sent to
you to be melted & put into the form of a plated cup, which will be sent
with them as a model. The Cans & beakers weigh a little over 40. oz. avoirdupois,
the model a little over two ounces & a half. But it is too thin & weak
for common use. I think those to be made should be of 5. oz. avoirdupois weight
nearly. They must also be about half an inch higher; in order to hold a little
more than the model does in every other respect I would wish the model to be
exactly imitated. I suppose the metal of the Cans & beakers will make about
8 Cups such as desired. That number however I would wish to receive even if
additional metal should be necessary. Of them if you please G. W. to T. J. and the others simply T.
J. all in the cipher stile. If you can gild the inside as the model is it would
be desirable. ... I am too well acquainted with the stile of your execution to
suppose it necessary to add any recommendations on that subject. Accept the
assurances of my esteem.”
The model to which Jefferson
refers is almost certainly the unornamented two-inch-high tumbler of fused silver-plate
with gilt interior that descended in the Randolph family. As he described, its
sides are very thin, and it weighs about 2.2 ounces avoirdupois. Jefferson
probably acquired this cup in Paris; in 1787 he recorded thirty livres paid for
“a silver cup for me.”
Each of Letelier’s tumblers is
2 5/8 inches high and weighs about 4.8 ounces avoirdupois, corresponding quite
closely with Jefferson’s instructions. With five of the eight original tumblers
exhibited, three are marked “G.W. to T.J.” and two simply “T.J.”; all of them
are inscribed on the bottom: “J.L.'T. Maker.”
The silver tumblers remained at
Monticello for the rest of Jefferson’s life. They were apparently part of his
regular dining table equipage, for a visitor to Monticello in 1815 wrote, “The drinking cups were of silver marked
G.W. to T.J., the table liquors were beer and cider and after dinner wine.”
In the 1830s Martha Jefferson
Randolph apparently distributed the cups among her family, giving one cup each
to six of her children and one to a grandson. Six of these cups survive. The
seventh cup is unlocated and the descent of the eighth cup is unknown.
Jefferson is not known to have
made any further purchases from Letelier, but he did write to him once more in
1817: “I live about three miles from a
pleasant & respectable village called Charlottesville. ... We want a good
silversmith in the town & such an one would find more work than he could
do, and ready money always.”
Letelier, however, politely
declined Jefferson’s offer, explaining that he was prevented from doing so
because of the positions he held as ‘Keeper of the Poorhouse and Keeper of the
City Magazine’ in Richmond.
Why do I mention this?
The display of silver was the
sign of prestige and status. To display silver tea service was the height of austerity.
So these silver cups became as precious as Olympic medals or that jewelry
soldiers wear on their uniforms.
Jefferson cups were engraved
with birthday name and date, as a reminder in case you lost your calendar or
thought this might be a really cool Christening dish or a very small baptism
pool. Jefferson cups were a sign of achievement, whether the best swimmer or
spelling bee participant. As the accomplishments became more difficult these
messily cup were replaced with trays and trophies to display for all to see.
They were trophies better than those diplomas or wooden planks on the wall
because they were shiny.
All that silver was a pain
because it had to be constantly polish to make it gleam in the sunlight.
My family had it’s share of
silver, including my ever growing collection of Jefferson cups so when I got
married in Williamsburg, decided to move to pewter. It was rustic and didn’t
need all that pampering. Of course all of that stuff got given away for there
was no one to impress.
There is still one Jefferson
cup in the cupboard. It reminds of the prep parties with fine linen, fancy
dress and slabs of roast beef. These formal gatherings required you to bring
your own personal Jefferson cup to be served wassail for the toast.
Jefferson cup is just a footnote
to history now.