Some call it
‘climate change’.
In biology,
extinction is the termination of an organism or of a group of organisms,
usually a species.
The moment of
extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of
the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost
before this point.
Because a
species’ potential range may be very large, determining this moment is
difficult, and is usually done retrospectively.
This
difficulty leads to phenomena such as Lazarus Taxonomy, where a species
presumed extinct abruptly “reappears” after a period of apparent absence.
More than 99
percent of all species, amounting to over five billion species that ever lived
on Earth are estimated to have died out.
Through
evolution, species arise through the process of speciation—where new varieties
of organisms arise and thrive when they are able to find and exploit an
ecological niche—and species become extinct when they are no longer able to
survive in changing conditions or against superior competition.
A typical
species becomes extinct within 10 million years of its first appearance,
although some species, called living fossils, survive with virtually no
morphological change for hundreds of millions of years.
Mass
extinctions are relatively rare events; however, isolated extinctions are quite
common. Only recently have extinctions been recorded and scientists have become
alarmed at the current high rate of extinctions.
Most species
that become extinct are never scientifically documented. Some scientists
estimate that up to half of presently existing plant and animal species may
become extinct by 2100.
A dagger
symbol (†) placed next to the name of a species normally indicates its status
as extinct.
Or are we
doing this to ourselves?
Suicide is
the act of intentionally causing one's own death. Mental disorders, including
depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and
substance abuse—including alcoholism and the use of benzodiazepines—are risk
factors.
Some suicides
are impulsive acts due to stress, such as from financial difficulties, troubles
with relationships, or bullying.
Those who
have previously attempted suicide are at a higher risk for future attempts.
Effective suicide prevention efforts include limiting access to methods of
suicide—such as firearms, drugs, and poisons; treating mental disorders and
substance misuse; proper media reporting of suicide; and improving economic
conditions. Even though crisis hotlines are common, there is little evidence for
their effectiveness.
The most
commonly used method of suicide varies between countries, and is partly related
to the availability of effective means. Common methods of suicide include
hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms. Suicides resulted in 828,000 global
deaths in 2015, an increase from 712,000 deaths in 1990. This makes suicide the
10th leading cause of death worldwide.
Approximately
0.5% of people die by suicide. In a given year this is roughly 12 per 100,000
people. Three quarters of suicides globally occur in the low and middle-income
countries. Rates of completed suicides are generally higher among men than
among women, ranging from 1.5 times as much in the developing world to 3.5 times
in the developed world. Suicide is generally most common among those over the
age of 70; however, in certain countries, those aged between 15 and 30 are at
the highest risk. Europe had the highest rates of suicide by region in 2015.
There are an estimated 10 to 20 million non-fatal attempted suicides every
year. Non-fatal suicide attempts may lead to injury and long-term disabilities.
In the Western world, attempts are more common among young people and among
females.
Views on
suicide have been influenced by broad existential themes such as religion,
honor, and the meaning of life.
The religions
traditionally consider suicide as an offense towards God, due to the belief in
the sanctity of life. During the samurai era in Japan, a form of suicide known
as seppuku (harakiri) was respected as a means of making up for failure or as a
form of protest.
Suicide and
attempted suicide, while previously illegal, are no longer so in most Western
countries. It remains a criminal offense in many countries but who is going to
jail? In the 20th and 21st centuries, suicide has been used on occasions as a
form of protest, and kamikaze and suicide bombings have been used as a military
or terrorist tactic.
Whatever definitions
we want to call our actions of gluttony and waste, we will not survive and the
next visitors will wonder why this jewel of a rock floating in space was so
abused by its inhabitants.