It is all
over the news.
Disasters,
wild fires, sickness, starvation, floods, hurricanes, lost children, abandoned
animals, plagues, pollution, supply-side snafu, dysfunctional governments,
higher wages and incentives, help wanted, resignations, closed businesses,
riots, looting, droughts, rising temperatures, civil wars, wealth inequity, fossil
fuel omission elimination, overwhelming shopping, substance abuse, immigrants
and refugees, affordable housing, failing infrastructure, sexual harassment,
mental illness, gun control, religion…
The list goes
on and on.
Stress,
depression, anxiety, fear, and mental anguish are some of the results of the
daily bombardment of doom.
In this time
of woe, we all need something (anything) to give a ray of hope.
Today, our
current president will sign a piece of paper for a gazillion dollar solution to
our infrastructures. It is a fix for crumbling highways and shaky bridges and
rusting railroads and lead filled pipes and power grids and extending
communication systems and supplying millions of well paying jobs.
Transportation
·
Roads, bridges, major
projects: $110 billion
·
Passenger and freight
rail: $66 billion
·
Public transit: $39
billion
·
Airports: $25 billion
·
Port infrastructure:
$17 billion
·
Transportation safety
programs: $11 billion
·
Electric vehicles: $7.5
billion
·
Zero and low-emission
buses and ferries: $7.5 billion
·
Revitalization of
communities: $1 billion
Other infrastructure
·
Broadband: $65 billion
·
Power infrastructure:
$73 billion
·
Clean drinking water:
$55 billion
·
Resilience and Western
water storage: $50 billion
·
Removal of pollution
from water and soil: $21 billion
How will it be paid for?
The price tag
comes in at roughly $1 trillion, with $550 billion in new spending over five
years.
The package
is financed through a combination of funds, including repurposing unspent
emergency relief funds from the COVID-19 pandemic and strengthening tax
enforcement for crypto-currencies. While negotiators said that the cost of the
plan would be offset entirely, the Congressional Budget Office predicted it
would add about $256 billion to projected deficits over 10 years.
Sounds too
good to be true?
When they
start deviating out the money, everyone will have their hands out. And all
these NEW jobs (where are the funds for training?) trying to fix decades of
neglect, there will have to be supplies that need to be purchased.
Asphalt, also known, as bitumen is a
sticky, black, highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be
found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a
pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used. The largest
natural deposit of asphalt in the world, estimated to contain 10 million tons,
is the Pitch Lake located in La Brea in southwest Trinidad (Antilles island
located on the northeastern coast of Venezuela), within the Siparia Regional
Corporation.
The primary
use (70%) of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or
binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other
main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of
roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.
Concrete is a composite material
composed of fine and coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement
(cement paste) that hardens (cures) over time. Concrete is the second-most-used
substance in the world after water, and is the most widely used building
material. Its usage worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood,
plastics, and aluminum combined. Globally, the ready-mix concrete industry, the
largest segment of the concrete market, is projected to exceed $600 billion in
revenue by 2025.
This
widespread use results in a number of environmental impacts. Most notably, the
production process for cement produces large volumes of greenhouse gas
emissions, leading to net 8% of global emissions. Other environmental concerns
include widespread illegal sand mining, impacts on the surrounding environment
such as increased surface runoff or urban heat island effect, and potential
public health implications from toxic ingredients. Significant research and
development is being done to try to reduce the emissions or make concrete a
source of carbon sequestration, and increase recycled and secondary raw
materials content into the mix to achieve a circular economy. Concrete is
expected to be a key material for structures resilient to climate disasters, as
well as a solution to mitigate the pollution of other industries, capturing
wastes such as coal fly ash or bauxite tailings and residue.
When
aggregate is mixed with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms fluid
slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts with the
water and other ingredients to form a hard matrix that binds the materials
together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often,
additives (such as pozzolans or superplasticizers) are included in the mixture
to improve the physical properties of the wet mix or the finished material.
Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials (such as rebar) embedded to
provide tensile strength, yielding reinforced concrete.
Iron ores are rocks and minerals from
which metallic iron can be economically extracted. The ores are usually rich in
iron oxides and vary in color from dark grey, bright yellow, or deep purple to
rusty red. The iron is usually found in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4, 72.4%
Fe), hematite (Fe2O3, 69.9% Fe), goethite (FeO(OH), 62.9% Fe), limonite
(FeO(OH)·n(H2O), 55% Fe) or siderite (FeCO3, 48.2% Fe).
Ores
containing very high quantities of hematite or magnetite (greater than about
60% iron) are known as “natural ore” or “direct shipping ore”, meaning they can
be fed directly into iron-making blast furnaces. Iron ore is the raw material
used to make pig iron, which is one of the main raw materials to make steel—98%
of the mined iron ore is used to make steel. In 2011 the Financial Times quoted
Christopher LaFemina, mining analyst at Barclays Capital, saying that iron ore
is “more integral to the global economy than any other commodity, except
perhaps oil”.
Fiber-optic communication is a method
of transmitting information from one place to another by sending pulses of
infrared light through an optical fiber. The light is a form of carrier wave
that is modulated to carry information. Fiber is preferred over electrical
cabling when high bandwidth, long distance, or immunity to electromagnetic
interference is required. This type of communication can transmit voice, video,
and telemetry through local area networks or across long distances.
Many
telecommunications companies to transmit telephone signals, Internet
communication, and cable television signals use optical fiber. Researchers at
Bell Labs have reached a record bandwidth–distance product of over 100 petabit
kilometers per second using fiber-optic communication.
At the same
time the Global Climate Control Crisis Conference to pledge money for a
deadline to reduce or eliminate the use of fossil fuel (see above).
World
leaders signed off on a new climate change agreement after two weeks of intense
negotiations in Glasgow, Scotland. While some countries committed to more
ambitious cuts to heat-trapping pollution, many nations did not agree to rein
in emissions fast enough for the world to avoid the worst damage from
climate-driven storms, heat waves and droughts.
Still,
the summit’s progress means that goal could still be within reach, experts’ say
— if countries follow through on their promises.
Emissions
need to fall around 45% by 2030 to give the world a chance of limiting warming
to 1.5 degrees Celsius by 2100 (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit). Instead, they’re
expected to rise almost 14% over the next nine years.
What do we
need to do without?
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black
sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly
carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur,
oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when dead plant matter decays into peat
and is converted into coal by the heat and pressure of deep burial over
millions of years. Vast deposits of coal originate in former wetlands—called
coal forests—that covered much of the Earth’s tropical land areas during the
late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) and Permian times. However, many significant
coal deposits are younger than this and originate from the Mesozoic and
Cenozoic eras.
Coal is
primarily used as a fuel. While coal has been known and used for thousands of
years, its usage was limited until the Industrial Revolution. With the
invention of the steam engine, coal consumption increased. As of 2016, coal
remains an important fuel as it supplied about a quarter of the world’s primary
energy and two-fifths of electricity. Some iron and steel making and other industrial
processes burn coal.
The
extraction and use of coal causes premature deaths and illness. The use of coal
damages the environment, and it is the largest anthropogenic source of carbon
dioxide contributing to climate change. 14 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide was
emitted by burning coal in 2020, which is 40% of the total fossil fuel
emissions and over 25% of total global greenhouse gas emissions. As part of the
worldwide energy transition many countries have reduced or eliminated their use
of coal power. The UN Secretary General asked governments to stop building new
coal plants by 2020. Coal use peaked in 2013, except in China, where it reached
higher levels than ever in 2021. To meet the Paris Agreement target of keeping
global warming to below 2 °C (3.6 °F) coal use needs to halve from
2020 to 2030.
Natural gas (also called fossil gas;
sometimes just gas) is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting
of methane and commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and
sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or
helium. Natural gas is colorless and odorless, and explosive, so a sulfur-smell
(similar to rotten eggs) is usually added for early detection of leaks. Natural
gas is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to
intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of
years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in
the form of chemical bonds in the gas. Natural gas is a fossil fuel.
Natural gas
is a non-renewable hydrocarbon used as a source of energy for heating, cooking,
and electricity generation. It is also used as a fuel for vehicles and as a
chemical feedstock in the manufacture of plastics and other commercially
important organic chemicals.
The
extraction and consumption of natural gas is a major and growing driver of
climate change. It is a potent greenhouse gas itself when released into the
atmosphere, and creates carbon dioxide when burnt. Natural gas can be
efficiently burned to generate heat and electricity, emitting less waste and
toxins at the point of use relative to other fossil and biomass fuels. However,
gas venting and flaring, along with unintended fugitive emissions throughout
the supply chain, can result in a similar carbon footprint overall.
Nuclear power is the use of nuclear
reactions to produce electricity. Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear
fission, nuclear decay and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast
majority of electricity from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of
uranium and plutonium in nuclear power plants. Nuclear decay processes are used
in niche applications such as radioisotope thermoelectric generators in some
space probes such as Voyager 2. Generating electricity from fusion power
remains the focus of international research.
Civilian
nuclear power supplied 2,586 terawatt hours (TWh) of electricity in 2019,
equivalent to about 10% of global electricity generation, and was the
second-largest low-carbon power source after hydroelectricity. As of
September 2021, there are 444 civilian fission reactors in the world, with
a combined electrical capacity of 396 gigawatt (GW). There are also 53 nuclear
power reactors under construction and 98 reactors planned, with a combined
capacity of 60 GW and 103 GW, respectively. The United States has the
largest fleet of nuclear reactors, generating over 800 TWh zero-emissions
electricity per year with an average capacity factor of 92%. Most reactors under
construction are generation III reactors in Asia.
Nuclear power
has one of the lowest levels of fatalities per unit of energy generated
compared to other energy sources. Coal, petroleum, natural gas and
hydroelectricity each have caused more fatalities per unit of energy due to air
pollution and accidents. Since its commercialization in the 1970s, nuclear
power has prevented about 1.84 million air pollution-related deaths and the
emission of about 64 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent that would
have otherwise resulted from the burning of fossil fuels. Accidents in nuclear
power plants include the Chernobyl disaster in the Soviet Union in 1986, the
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011, and the more contained
Three Mile Island accident in the United States in 1979.
There is a
debate about nuclear power. Proponents, such as the World Nuclear Association
and Environmentalists for Nuclear Energy, contend that nuclear power is a safe,
sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions. Nuclear power
opponents, such as Greenpeace and NIRS, contend that nuclear power poses many
threats to people and the environment.
Petroleum, also known as crude oil and
oil, is a naturally occurring, yellowish-black liquid found in geological
formations beneath the Earth’s surface. It is commonly refined into various
types of fuels. Components of petroleum are separated using a technique called
fractional distillation, i.e., separation of a liquid mixture into fractions
differing in boiling point by means of distillation, typically using a
fractionating column. It consists of naturally occurring hydrocarbons of
various molecular weights and may contain miscellaneous organic compounds. The
name petroleum covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and
petroleum products that are made up of refined crude oil. A fossil fuel,
petroleum is formed when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton
and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both intense
heat and pressure.
Petroleum has
mostly been recovered by oil drilling. Drilling is carried out after studies of
structural geology, sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterization.
Recent improvements to technologies have also led to exploitation of other
unconventional reserves such as oil sands and oil shale. Once extracted, oil is
refined and separated, most easily by distillation, into numerous products for
direct use or use in manufacturing, such as gasoline (petrol), diesel and
kerosene to asphalt and chemical reagents used to make plastics, pesticides and
pharmaceuticals. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a wide variety of
materials, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 100 million
barrels each day. Petroleum production can be extremely profitable and was
important for economic development in the 20th century, with some countries, so
called “oil states”, gaining significant economic and international power
because of their control of oil production.
Petroleum
exploitation has significant negative environmental and social consequences.
Most significantly, extraction, refining and burning of petroleum fuels all
release large quantities of greenhouse gases, so petroleum is one of the major
contributors to climate change. Furthermore, parts of the petroleum industry
actively suppressed science and policy that aimed to prevent the climate
crisis. Other negative environmental effects include the environmental impacts
of exploration and exploitation of petroleum reserves, such as oil spills, and
air and water pollution at the sites of utilization. All of these environmental
impacts have direct health consequences for humans. Additionally, oil has also
been a source of conflict leading to both state-led-wars and other kinds of
conflicts (for example, oil revenue funded the Islamic State of Iraq and the
Levant). Production of petroleum is expected to reach peak oil before 2040 as
global economies reduce dependencies on petroleum as part of climate change
mitigation and a transition towards renewable energy and electrification. This
is expected to have significant economic impacts that stakeholders argue need
to be anticipated by a just transition and addressing the stranded assets of
the petroleum industry.
Diesel fuel in general is any liquid
fuel specifically designed for use in diesel engines, in which fuel ignition
takes place, without any spark, as a result of compression of the inlet air
mixture and then injection of fuel. Therefore, diesel fuel needs good
compression ignition characteristics.
The most
common type of diesel fuel is a specific fractional distillate of petroleum
fuel oil, but alternatives that are not derived from petroleum, such as bio-diesel,
biomass to liquid (BTL) or gas to liquid (GTL) diesel are increasingly being
developed and adopted. To distinguish these types, petroleum-derived diesel is
increasingly called petro-diesel in some academic circles.
In many
countries, diesel fuel is standardized. For example, in the European Union, the
standard for diesel fuel is EN 590. Diesel fuel has many colloquial names; most
commonly, it is simply referred to as diesel. In the UK, diesel fuel for
on-road use is commonly abbreviated DERV, standing for diesel-engine road
vehicle, which carries a tax premium over equivalent fuel for non-road use. In
Australia, diesel fuel is also known as distillate, and in Indonesia, it is
known as Solar, a trademarked name by the local oil company Pertamina.
Ultra-low-sulfur
diesel (ULSD) is a diesel fuel with substantially lowered sulfur contents. As
of 2016, almost all of the petroleum-based diesel fuel available in the UK,
mainland Europe, and North America is of a ULSD type.
Methane is a chemical compound with the
chemical formula CH4 (one atom of carbon and four atoms of hydrogen). It is a
group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main constituent of natural gas.
The relative abundance of methane on Earth makes it an economically attractive
fuel, although capturing and storing it poses technical challenges due to its
gaseous state under normal conditions for temperature and pressure.
Naturally
occurring methane is found both below ground and under the seafloor and is
formed by both geological and biological processes. The largest reservoir of
methane is under the seafloor in the form of methane clathrates. When methane
reaches the surface and the atmosphere, it is known as atmospheric methane. The
Earth’s atmospheric methane concentration has increased by about 150% since
1750, and it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of the
long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases. Methane has also been detected
on other planets, including Mars, which has implications for astrobiology
research.
And then
there are all of these alternatives…
Water (chemical formula H2O) is an
inorganic, transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical
substance, which are the main constituent of Earth’s hydrosphere and the fluids
of all known living organisms (in which it acts as a solvent). It is vital for
all known forms of life, even though it provides no calories or organic
nutrients. Its chemical formula H2O, indicates that each of its molecules
contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms, connected by covalent bonds. The
hydrogen atoms are attached to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.45°. “Water”
is the name of the liquid state of H2O at standard conditions for temperature
and pressure.
A number of
natural states of water exist. It forms precipitation in the form of rain and
aerosols in the form of fog. Clouds consist of suspended droplets of water and
ice, its solid state. When finely divided, crystalline ice may precipitate in
the form of snow. The gaseous state of water is steam or water vapor.
Water covers
approximately 70.9% of the Earth’s surface, mostly in seas and oceans. Small portions
of water occur as groundwater (1.7%), in the glaciers and the ice caps of
Antarctica and Greenland (1.7%), and in the air as vapor, clouds (consisting of
ice and liquid water suspended in air), and precipitation (0.001%). Water moves
continually through the water cycle of evaporation, transpiration (evapo-transpiration),
condensation, precipitation, and runoff, usually reaching the sea.
Water plays
an important role in the world economy. Approximately 70% of the freshwater
used by humans goes to agriculture. Fishing in salt and fresh water bodies is a
major source of food for many parts of the world. Much of the long-distance
trade of commodities (such as oil, natural gas, and manufactured products) are
transported by boats through seas, rivers, lakes, and canals. Large quantities
of water, ice, and steam are used for cooling and heating, in industry and
homes. Water is an excellent solvent for a wide variety of substances both
mineral and organic; as such it is widely used in industrial processes, and in
cooking and washing. Water, ice and snow are also central to many sports and
other forms of entertainment, such as swimming, pleasure boating, boat racing,
surfing, sport fishing, diving, ice-skating and skiing.
Wind is the natural movement of air or
other gases relative to a planet's surface. Wind occurs on a range of scales,
from thunderstorm flows lasting tens of minutes, to local breezes generated by
heating of land surfaces and lasting a few hours, to global winds resulting
from the difference in absorption of solar energy between the climate zones on
Earth. The two main causes of large-scale atmospheric circulation are the
differential heating between the equator and the poles, and the rotation of the
planet (Coriolis effect). Within the tropics and subtropics, thermal low
circulations over terrain and high plateaus can drive monsoon circulations. In
coastal areas the sea breeze/land breeze cycle can define local winds; in areas
that have variable terrain, mountain and valley breezes can prevail.
They’re
spatial scale, their speed and direction, the forces that cause them, the
regions in which they occur, and their effect commonly classify winds. Winds
have various aspects: velocity (wind speed); the density of the gas involved;
energy content or wind energy. The wind is also a critical means of
transportation for seeds, insects, and birds, which can travel on wind currents
for thousands of miles. In meteorology, winds are often referred to according
to their strength, and the direction from which the wind is blowing. Short
bursts of high-speed wind are termed gusts. Strong winds of intermediate
duration (around one minute) are termed squalls. Long-duration winds have
various names associated with their average strength, such as breeze, gale, storm,
and hurricane. In outer space, solar wind is the movement of gases or charged
particles from the Sun through space, while planetary wind is the out-gassing
of light chemical elements from a planet's atmosphere into space. The strongest
observed winds on a planet in the Solar System occur on Neptune and Saturn.
In human
civilization, the concept of wind has been explored in mythology, influenced
the events of history, expanded the range of transport and warfare, and
provided a power source for mechanical work, electricity, and recreation. Wind
powers the voyages of sailing ships across Earth’s oceans. Hot air balloons use
the wind to take short trips, and powered flight uses it to increase lift and
reduce fuel consumption. Areas of wind shear caused by various weather
phenomena can lead to dangerous situations for aircraft. When winds become
strong, trees and human-made structures are damaged or destroyed.
Winds can
shape landforms, via a variety of aeolian processes such as the formation of
fertile soils, for example loess, and by erosion. Dust from large deserts can
be moved great distances from its source region by the prevailing winds; winds
that are accelerated by rough topography and associated with dust outbreaks
have been assigned regional names in various parts of the world because of
their significant effects on those regions. Wind also affects the spread of
wildfires. Winds can disperse seeds from various plants, enabling the survival
and dispersal of those plant species, as well as flying insect populations.
When combined with cold temperatures, the wind has a negative impact on
livestock. Wind affects animals’ food stores, as well as their hunting and
defensive strategies.
Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun that is harnessed
using a range of technologies such as solar power to generate electricity,
solar thermal energy including solar water heating, and solar architecture.
It is an
essential source of renewable energy, and its technologies are broadly
characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on how they
capture and distribute solar energy or convert it into solar power. Active
solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar
power, and solar water heating to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques
include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable
thermal mass or light-dispersing properties, and designing spaces that
naturally circulate air.
The large
magnitude of solar energy available makes it a highly appealing source of
electricity. In 2021, Carbon Tracker Initiative estimated the land area needed
to generate all our energy from solar alone was 450,000 km2- or about the same
as the area of Sweden, or the area of Morocco, or the area of California (0.3%
of the Earth’s total land area).
In 2011, the
International Energy Agency said, “the development of affordable, inexhaustible
and clean solar energy technologies will have huge longer-term benefits. It
will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous,
inexhaustible, and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability,
reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating global warming.... These
advantages are global”.
Because we cannot live without…
Electricity is the set of physical
phenomena associated with the presence and motion of matter that has a property
of electric charge. Electricity is related to magnetism, both being part of the
phenomenon of electromagnetism, as described by Maxwell’s equations. Various
common phenomena are related to electricity, including lightning, static
electricity, electric heating, electric discharges and many others.
The presence
of an electric charge, which can be either positive or negative, produces an
electric field. The movement of electric charges is an electric current and
produces a magnetic field.
When a charge
is placed in a location with a non-zero electric field, a force will act on it.
If the charge moves, the electric field would be doing work on the electric charge.
Thus we can speak of electric potential at a certain point in space, which is
equal to the work done by an external agent in carrying a unit of positive
charge from an arbitrarily chosen reference point to that point without any
acceleration and is typically measured in volts.
Electricity
is at the heart of many modern technologies, being used for:
·
Electric power where
electric current is used to energize equipment;
·
Electronics that deals
with electrical circuits that involve active electrical components such as
vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits and associated
passive interconnection technologies.
Electrical
phenomena have been studied since antiquity; though progress in theoretical
understanding remained slow until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The
theory of electromagnetism was developed in the 19th century, and by the end of
that century electricity was being put to industrial and residential use by
electrical engineers. The rapid expansion in electrical technology at this time
transformed industry and society, becoming a driving force for the Second
Industrial Revolution. Electricity’s extraordinary versatility means it can be
put to an almost limitless set of applications which include transport,
heating, lighting, communications, and computation. Electrical power is now the
backbone of modern industrial society.
Take a breath
and think about it. We (global) need to stop using fossil fuels to reduce
climate rise and fry ourselves to extinction.
That means
ALL the cars and trucks and boats and airplanes used today, will all become
scrap. Don’t know where we stake all the rusting metal but I imagine it will
not be tidy or attractive.
That means ALL
the materials for roads currently used will have to be eliminated (in a
environmental friendly method) and some NEW method to cover the dirt and grass
so electric powered vehicles can get from one location to another delivering
goods and people.
That means ALL our heating and cooling
manufacturers will HAVE TO transition to electricity.
Are you ready
to turn off your gas heater and convert to electrical heat pump? Toss out that
beloved gas stove for an electric inductive top. That propane gas grill on the
deck will have to convert to wood burning. (No wait, we need the trees and
don’t want the smoke pollution). That is unless you have solar panels on your
roof to power the house.
Planning on
taking that find you road trip down Rt. 66? How far will your new electric car
go on a charge? Is there are charging station along the way or do you need to
carry an extra battery? Can you pull the trailer? Might want to put a bike rack
on the back, just in case.
Those
18-wheelers on the highway won’t be making that noisy smoked filled diesel
sound but they probably won’t be going as fast either. It also might take a
little longer for the electric police and fire arrive to the emergency. The
roar of NASCAR will be a purrr when the call ‘Start Your Engines’ arrives.
Don’t plan on
taking no long flights because electric planes have not been perfected yet and
there are nuclear ships but only for the Navy. Well, there are sailboats.
Are you
ready?
